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NOTE: CSE-A
Preparation Guidelines:
FROM:SIVAGAMI MADAM
Or given 3 inputs, 1 output, the output will be logic 1 under some situation, etc..
o Binary
o Gray
o BCD
o XS3
| Experimental Setup (30) | Execution of Practical (30) | Concluding Activities (30) | Viva Voce (10) | Total (100) |
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A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT PALINDROME CHECK WITHOUT CLASSES
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A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT BANK OPERATIONS WITH CLASSES
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A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT EMPLOYEE PAYROLL WITH CLASSES
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The default argument must be implicitly convertible to the parameter type.
A pointer to a function must have the same type as the function. Attempts to take the address of a function by reference without specifying the type of the function will produce an error. The type of a function is not affected by arguments with default values.
STATIC MEMBERS
Objects declared with the static storage class specifier have static storage duration, which means that memory for these objects is allocated when the program begins running and is freed when the program terminates. Static storage duration for a variable is different from file or global scope: a variable can have static duration but local scope.
A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT OBJECT ORIENTED OPERATIONS
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Member functions of a local class have to be defined within their class definition, if they are defined at all. As a result, member functions of a local class are inline functions. Like all member functions, those defined within the scope of a local class do not need the keyword inline.
A local class cannot have static data members.A nested class is declared within the scope of another class. The name of a nested class is local to its enclosing class. Unless you use explicit pointers, references, or object names, declarations in a nested class can only use visible constructs, including type names, static members, and enumerators from the enclosing class and global variables.
Member functions of a nested class follow regular access rules and have no special access privileges to members of their enclosing classes. Member functions of the enclosing class have no special access to members of a nested class.A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT LOCAL & NESTED CLASSES
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A friend of a class X is a function or class that is not a member of X, but is granted the same access to X as the members of X. Functions declared with the friend specifier in a class member list are called friend functions of that class. Classes declared with the friend specifier in the member list of another class are called friend classes of that class.
A class Y must be defined before any member of Y can be declared a friend of another class.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT FRIEND FUNCTION - MATRIX VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
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You can redefine or overload the function of most built-in operators in C++. These operators can be overloaded globally or on a class-by-class basis. Overloaded operators are implemented as functions and can be member functions or global functions.
Operator overloading involving vector types is not supported.
An overloaded operator is called an operator function. You declare an operator function with the keyword operator preceding the operator. Overloaded operators are distinct from overloaded functions, but like overloaded functions, they are distinguished by the number and types of operands used with the operator.
A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT OPERATOR OVERLOADING IN COMPLEX ARITHMETIC
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A C++ PROGRAM TO OVERLOAD NEW & DELETE OPERATOR
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A C++ PROGRAM TO OVERLOAD STREAM OPERATORS
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User-defined conversions allow you to specify object conversions with constructors or with conversion functions. User-defined conversions are implicitly used in addition to standard conversions for conversion of initializers, functions arguments, function return values, expression operands, expressions controlling iteration, selection statements, and explicit type conversions.
There are two types of user-defined conversions:
A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT USER DEFINED CONVERSIONS
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vectorA C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT LINKED LISTS USING CLASS TEMPLATES
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A function template behaves like a function except that the template can have arguments of many different types (see example). In other words, a function template represents a family of functions. For example, the C++ Standard Library contains the function template max(x, y) which returns either x or y, whichever is larger. max() could be defined like this, using the following template:
In the first two cases, the template argument T is automatically deduced by the compiler to be int and double, respectively. In the third case deduction fails because the type of the parameters must in general exactly match the template arguments. This function template can be instantiated with any copy-constructible type for which the expression (y < href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">overloaded.
A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT SORTING BY USING FUNCTION TEMPLATES
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Multiple inheritance allows a class to take on functionality from multiple other classes, such as allowing a class named StreetMusician to inherit from a class named Human, a class named Musician, and a class named Worker. This can be abbreviated StreetMusician : Human, Musician, Worker.
Ambiguities arise in multiple inheritance, as in the example above, if for instance the class Musician inherited from Human and Worker and the class Worker inherited from Human. This is referred to as the Diamond problem. There would then be the following rules:
Worker : Human----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Musician : Human, Worker
StreetMusician : Human, Musician, Worker
A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT MULTIPLE INHERITANCE
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Exception handling is a programming language construct or computer hardware mechanism designed to handle the occurrence of exceptions, special conditions that change the normal flow of program execution.
Programming languages differ considerably in their support for exception handling (as distinct from error checking, which is normal program flow that codes for responses to adverse contingencies such as invalid state changes or the unsuccessful termination of invoked operations.) In some programming languages there are functions which cannot be safely called on invalid input data ... or functions which return values which cannot be distinguished from exceptions—for example, in C the atoi (ASCII to integer conversion) function may return 0 (zero) for any input that cannot be parsed into a valid value. In such languages the programmer must either perform error checking (possibly through some auxiliary global variable such as C's errno) or input validation (perhaps using regular expressions).
The degree to which such explicit validation and error checking is necessary is in contrast to exception handling support provided by any given programming environment. Hardware exception handling differs somewhat from the support provided by software tools, but similar concepts and terminology are prevalent.
In general, an exception is handled (resolved) by saving the current state of execution in a predefined place and switching the execution to a specific subroutine known as an exception handler. Depending on the situation, the handler may later resume the execution at the original location using the saved information. For example, a page fault will usually allow the program to be resumed, while a division by zero might not be resolvable transparently.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT EXCEPTION HANDLING IN QUEUE
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Exception handling is a programming language construct or computer hardware mechanism designed to handle the occurrence of exceptions, special conditions that change the normal flow of program execution.
Programming languages differ considerably in their support for exception handling (as distinct from error checking, which is normal program flow that codes for responses to adverse contingencies such as invalid state changes or the unsuccessful termination of invoked operations.) In some programming languages there are functions which cannot be safely called on invalid input data ... or functions which return values which cannot be distinguished from exceptions—for example, in C the atoi (ASCII to integer conversion) function may return 0 (zero) for any input that cannot be parsed into a valid value. In such languages the programmer must either perform error checking (possibly through some auxiliary global variable such as C's errno) or input validation (perhaps using regular expressions).
The degree to which such explicit validation and error checking is necessary is in contrast to exception handling support provided by any given programming environment. Hardware exception handling differs somewhat from the support provided by software tools, but similar concepts and terminology are prevalent.
In general, an exception is handled (resolved) by saving the current state of execution in a predefined place and switching the execution to a specific subroutine known as an exception handler. Depending on the situation, the handler may later resume the execution at the original location using the saved information. For example, a page fault will usually allow the program to be resumed, while a division by zero might not be resolvable transparently.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT EXCEPTION HANDLING-STACK
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A program (frequently called "class") can be used to create a new program that will include the original characteristics of the original program, and it allows the replacement of some of those characteristics, and the addition of new ones.
One of the key characteristic of inheritance is the fact that changes ocurred in the original program (class) will automatically be incorporated in the programs using that class.
Inheritance is the meachanism by which a class can use the properties of another class. In c++ parlance, the class which inherits the properties of another class is called derived class and the class from which the properties are inherited is called base class.
Inheritance is the essence of OOP 'cos it provides reusable code. so the programmers effort is much abated beacause the code is already tested and debugged.
You can achieve Inheritance in many ways. The patterns in which you can classify this methodology are:
The above mentioned patterns of inheritance are very simple..as simple as kicking a football.
Single inheritance is the one where you have a single base class and a single derived class.
Ex: class base{
private:
..........
.....
public:
....
.....
};
class derived:"Mode" base
{
.......
.......
public:
}
"mode" can be private , public or protected. In public mode all the public data members and member functions of the base class become the public ones for the derived class and other data like protected and private of the base class is not inherited.
In private mode, public and protected data/ functions of the base class become the private data/functions of the derived class.Private data is never inherited.
In protected Inheritance, public and protected members of base class become protected members of the derived class and as said b4, private data is not inherited.
In Multiple inheritance, a derived class inherits from multiple base classes. It has properties of both the base classes. Suppose i wanna make a plant class.
for it's survival it needs sunlight for photosynthesis and water. so sunlight and water are 2 classes from which the plant class is derived.
class sunlight{...};
class water{......};
class plant : "mode" water,sunlight{........};
In Multi level inheritance, a class inherits it's properties from another derived class.
A--->b----->c
In hierarchial Inheritance, it's like an inverted tree. So multiple classes inherit from a single base class. It's quite analogous to the File system in a unix based system.
A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT HYBRID INHERITANCE
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In programming, RTTI (Run-Time Type Information, or Run-Time Type Identification) refers to a C++ system that keeps information about an object's data type in memory at runtime. Run-time type information can apply to simple data types, such as integers and characters, or to generic objects. This is a C++ implementation of a more generic concept called reflection.
In order for the dynamic_cast<> operation, the typeid operator or exceptions to work in C++, RTTI must be enabled.
With C++ run-time type information, you can perform safe typecasts and manipulate type information at run time.
RTTI is only available for classes which are polymorphic, which means they have at least one virtual method. In practice, this is not a limitation because a class that you intend to use polymorphically should generally have at least a virtual destructor, to allow objects of derived classes to perform proper cleanup.
A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT RUN TIME TYPE INFORMATION
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The concept of the virtual function solves the following problem:
In OOP when a derived class inherits from a base class, an object of the derived class may be referred to (or cast) as either being the base class type or the derived class type. If there are base class methods overridden by the derived class, the method call behavior is ambiguous.
The distinction between virtual and not virtual resolves this ambiguity. If the function in question is designated "virtual" in the base class then the derived class's function would be called (if it exists). If it is not virtual, the base class's function would be called.
Virtual functions overcome the problems with the type-field solution by allowing the programmer to declare functions in a base class that can be redefined in each derived class.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A C++ PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT RUN TIME POLYMORPHISM
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